In the preceding sections Nietzsche observed pursuing knowledge involves pain, but we can live cheerfully by considering life an experiment for gaining knowledge. Pursuing knowledge clearly implies thinking. The present sections therefore focus more directly on thinking and thoughtlessness, while continuing to explore the issue of pain. Nietzsche considers the meaning and importance of thinking, as well as the significance and consequences of thoughtlessness. He explores factors encouraging or discouraging thinking, and considers the role of instincts and the unconscious.