As knowledge of planting diffused, many tribes, such as the woodland Indians of the East coast of North America, began planting instead of gathering.¹ The earliest known agricultural societies emerged in the Middle East, where planting has been dated back to 5000 B.C.E. (and even earlier, as some new findings come in).² We describe these early agricultural societies of the Middle East in Part II of this treatise. We also describe the earliest herding societies, which also seem to have occurred in the Middle East, where docile animals like sheep and goats were easy to keep in small herds.³