Among the many powerful arguments proposed by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt in Empire and Multitude is the idea that contemporary political movements in the Islamic worlds can be considered "postmodern" in their ambition and constitution. "In the context of Islamic traditions", the authors write, "fundamentalism is postmodern insofar as it rejects the tradition of Islamic modernism for which modernity was always overcoded as assimilation or submission to Euro-American hegemony" (Hardt and Negri, 2000, p. 149). It must follow quite logically that contemporary Islamic movements are not "fundamentalist", that they are not archaic and retroactive. Rather to the contrary, Hardt and Negri agree with Fazlur Rahman, Akbar Ahmed, Bobby Sayyid and others that contemporary Islamic movements are progressive, not at least because they emphasise ijtihad, or original thought. From this perspective, Hardt and Negri (2000, p. 149) conclude that the Islamic revolution in Iran may be considered the "first postmodernist revolution".