"Na Amrika, na Rusia, superpower hai Khuda."¹ Even if one part of this slogan has come true, is there not more to it than simply its anti-imperialist sentiment? Does not the invocation of God as the only superpower reveal a more generalized desire to re-enchant the modern world? Similarly, is there not more to the attacks of 9/11 than political grievances, despite Osama Bin Laden's reference to 80 years since the fall of the Ottoman Caliphate? Ironically, like so much else, lost amidst the debris of 9/11 is the deadly combination of rational scientific calculation with a martyr's heavenly reward. Whatever else 9/11 represents, surely it stands as a preeminent sign of the appropriation and deployment of modern scientific knowledge, technology, and skill against the very heart of economic and institutional modernity in the name of religion. It is the deployment of modernity against itself. Two generations earlier, the Nazis had turned the technological fruits of modernity against the Jews, many of whom were the leading lights of modernity. 9/11 reminds us of the distinction that the Frankfurt School made between formal and substantive rationality and alerts us that "others' have appropriated the scientific, rational calculations of large-scale death and destruction—the dark underbelly of modernity—just as cultural modernity becomes globalized.