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1. On the morning of January 3, 1889, upon seeing a cart driver beating his horse in a street in Turin, Nietzsche ran to the scene and interposed himself between man and animal. Seconds later, he collapsed physically and psychologically. Nietzsche, the philosopher who a couple of years earlier wrote that the advancement of the species justified a mass sacri- fice of a part of mankind,¹ wanting to spare a workhorse a few bruises: the anecdote well illustrates Nietzsche" State as his Century entered its final decade. After a year of prodigious activity during which he wrote no less than three books, two pamphlets, one collection of poems and hundreds of notebook entries and private letters, Nietzsche was not only physically strained, as one would expect, but also intellectually and emotionally confused.