Marx and Frederick Engels exchanged ideas for the first time in late 1844. Engels had submitted a piece for publication in the German-French Yearbooks, the substance of which Engels later published in book form under the title On the Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. Engels's depiction of the poverty of the working class at the height of the industrial revolution in England in the first half of the nineteenth century dovetailed nicely with Marx's depiction of the revolutionary role of the proletariat set forth in Towards a Critique to Hegel's Philosophy of Right: An Introduction; and both agreed that the establishment of a socialist society through the revolutionary role of the working class was the materialist key to the universal emancipation of mankind from the loss of the product and activity of the worker in alienated labor. Bruno Bauer and his brother Edgar Bauer, on the other hand, still held that alienated self-consciousness rested only in a fantastic mental image of the individual as a divine world creator possessing the universal powers of the human species. Their solution to alienated self-consciousness therefore continued to rest in a "pure criticism" of religion grasped by all mankind in a secular state. As such, they denounced the notion of a class struggle as in itself egoistic and self-serving, and argued that it was responsible for the failure of the French Revolution of 1789 in dividing society and undermining the consolidation of a secular democratic state as the true basis to the abolition of the alienated self-consciousness of the egoistic man.